A Historical Survey Of Architecture And Urbanism - 1550 Words

A Historical Survey of Architecture and Urbanism: from Antiquity to the Middle Ages The Houses of Roman Italy Introduction This paper evaluates the design and structures of the Roman houses since the antiquity era to the Middle Ages. The paper digs deep into the houses that the Romans built and compares several factors that give relative argument base for the entire paper. It is outlined that most Roman houses were built in respect to the wealth and influence of individuals within the society. This analysis gives all the facts related to the above topic and tries to undercover the reason as to why class was a consistent factor within the society. It can be argued that the design and structures of the Roman houses were proposed in respect to the wealth and position of an individual in the society (Macdonald, 1007). There was no specific that was to be followed when coming up with different designs. Some of the most prestigious houses within the community were inhabited by the wealthy persons. This identity was used to weigh individual; performance in both the local and external performances. The paper al so introduces the destinations and locations that most of these Roman houses were built. It presents a chronological argument on why the Roman houses existed like this all through. Thesis statement; most of the Roman houses were built in respect to the class and identity of an individual within the society. This paper seeks to establish the depth of the above argumentShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to Urban Design and Community Planning3820 Words   |  16 Pagesand functionality of towns and cities, and in particular the shaping and uses of urban public space. It has traditionally been regarded as a disciplinary subset of urban planning, landscape architecture, or architecture and in more recent times has been linked to emergent disciplines such as landscape urbanism. However, with its increasing prominence in the activities of these disciplines, it is better conceptualized as a design practice that operates at the intersection of all three, and requiresRead MoreAldo Rossi Locomotiva 2 Research2883 Words   |  12 Pages16. Aldo Rossi, Gianugo Polesello, Peter Behrens e il problema dellabitazione moderna, Casabella Continuita, n. 240 (1960); also in Scritti ,ceiti, 107-11. 37. Ibid., 107 38. Rossi, The Architecture of the Ciry, 45. 39. Manfredo Tafuri, a 1960 graduate of the Faculty of Architecture in Rome, was .developing in the framework of urban ­ ism and planning his first important his ­ torical, critical, and theoretical contribu ­ tions, including a special issue of Carabella, edited with GIorgioRead MoreCost Effectively Retrofitting Multifamily Housing6408 Words   |  26 Pagesamenities can be cost effective with proper evaluations and thorough planning, resulting in benefits to the tenant, the property owner and the surrounding community. Sustainability and green amenities for housing have come to the forefront with the New Urbanism movement of revitalizing existing communities. These ?new? urban communities are established neighborhoods renovated with sustainable design features. Within this new urban movement exists the trend of retrofitting existing multifamily housingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesThe Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical

Holt Renfrew Essay - 2172 Words

Case Analysis Report Prepared By: Olarewaju Oluwatomi 0672657 November 28, 2014 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Situational Analysis 4 Immediate Issue 4 Other Issues 4 Environmental Analysis 5 SWOT Analysis 5 PESTLE Analysis 5 Alternatives 6 Modernizing the Distribution Process 8 Recommendation 8 Timeline 9 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 10 Executive Summary Holt Renfrew, is high-end retail chain for designer fashions and cosmetics that imports their products from Europe, Asia and USA. They are facing some challenges regarding the size of their current warehouse and inventory levels. The warehouse is not big enough to accommodate all their inventory and as such goods are always scattered everywhere. They are also†¦show more content†¦ft. facility. There is no need for that additional facility since it increases direct and overhead costs. It should be eliminated. The DC is cluttered with merchandise everywhere, under conveyors and scattered across aisles. Tony considered three strategies: improving the physical structure and process flow in the distribution center, the modernization of distribution systems and business processes, and to reallocate human resources. He had to obtain goods from the companies international suppliers and quickly distribute them to their stores within Canada to gain competitive edge. Immediate Issue Tony must come with major steps to review Holt Renfrew’s warehousing operations to improve efficiency and decrease the level of stock outs through DC layout, process flow improvement, system and business process, and human resource strategy. Other Issues Lack of space and variability in the arrival rate of stock Delivery inconsistences due to bad record keeping Waste of space for the secondary warehouse Constant stock outs in the distribution centre Assumptions Holt Renfrew doesn’t have a computerized ERP system (the reason for stock outs) Health and safety concerns due to clustered merchandizes scattered everywhere. It will take 2 years to build a new warehouse and cost $120/sq. ft. Environmental Analysis SWOT Analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats Analysis Strengths They are one of the few retailers that sell such high-end products in the whole ofShow MoreRelatedThe Case Study of Holt Renfrew888 Words   |  4 PagesHolt Renfrew Case Analysis:Nausherwan Saleem (11020035) Rukunuddin Aslam (11020163) Case Summary: 1) Company Profile: a. High-end retailer in Canada with ten stores in seven Canadian cities b. Sells top quality, branded and private-label designer fashions as well as cosmetics c. Owned by the Wittington Group headed by Galen Weston d. Peak sales occurred in March/April, July/August and November/December e. Publicity campaigns used throughout the year for promotional purposes f. 21,500 ordersRead MoreHolt Renfrew and Co Limited SWOT Analysis Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesHolt Renfrew Situational Analysis Item | So What? | Holt Renfrew is owned by The Wittington Group, headed by Canadian business leader Galen Weston | The owner of Holt Renfrew is quite large, likely has the financial resources available to back up any capital investments required. | Tony Kelly is a new employee to Holt Renfrew | New employees in an organization are often more likely to pick up on areas for improvement than someone who has been in that environment for so long. More able and willingRead MoreHolt Renfrew : A Chain Of High End Canadian Department1558 Words   |  7 PagesHolt Renfrew (has a shorten name of Holt s) is a chain of high-end Canadian department stores specializing in an array of luxury brands and designer boutiques. Holt Renfrew bills itself as a national retail specialty store of international renown and the headquarters for the world’s most prestigious brands and innovative designers. Holt Renfrew was originally a fur shop in Quebec City in 1837. This company used to be commissioned by Canadian gove rnment to make official wedding gift for the marriageRead More1.. Summary: Donald Trump Is Planning To Re-Establish The1873 Words   |  8 Pagescheaper competition. Retailers like Holt Renfrew, Tread + Copper, Tip Top Tailors, and many other are experiencing drought in sales. The retailers like these are finding themselves in a position where they need to close stores and file for bankruptcy protection. The article brings up the one of the major reasons why retailers like these are experiencing this is due to the growth and expansion of low cost high-end looking brands like HM and Zara. Even Holt Renfrew decided to close their competitionRead MoreCase Analysis5992 Words   |  24 Pagesto enhance each customer’s shopping experience. By renovating each store and acquiring more retail space, it allows them to cater to their different customer’s taste as oppose to being limited to only selling suits and formal wear. Competitor: Holt Renfrew In a recent interview in the Globe and Mail, Larry did suggest that the company might enter the women’s wear luxury market in the future. There is hesitation in expanding their target market to women because during the 1980s they had failed inRead MoreSears2107 Words   |  9 Pagesemerging demographic of more youth oriented consumers, is focused on trendy styles, then Sears has a significant weakness in that it is not among the top choices amongst the competition by any means. In the high end market, competitors such as Holt Renfrew, Harry Rosen, The Bay (which has taken back lost market share under the guidance of CEO Bonnie Brooks) and the impending arrival of Nordstrom’s really have the clientele loyalty and market share, leaving no room in this market for Sears. In theRead MoreNordstrom Swot2991 Words   |  12 Pagessufficiently claimed yet. Hudson’s Bay Company has Canadian roots and just bought Saks, with plans to move them up to Canada as well. This wi ll harshly threaten Nordstrom’s pull on luxury market share in Canada. There is also the 177-year-old brand Holt Renfrew that announced expansion in its Calgary luxury store, which is in the same place as the first Canadian Nordstrom. This is again a direct threat to their business in Canada and how their expansion will determine if they can grab and hold onto market

Food Quality - Preference Impact of Liking Bakery and Pastry

Question: Discuss about the Bakery and Pastry. Answer: The palatability of food varies according to the ambiance. The evidence suggests that there are major impacts of ambiance and table-setting on food choice and food intake. Alterations in palatability can be identified with different levels of eating locations, table-settings, ambient temperatures, lighting, and sounds(Garca-Segovia, Harrington, Seo, 2015) Primarily, garnishing increases the visual appeal of the food. People experience foods with their eyes before tasting it, and garnishing adds a splash of colours, especially in monochromatic foods. Secondly, garnishing helps in dish identification as some dishes cannot be identified just by looking (Zellner, Loss, Zearfoss, Remolina, 2014). Explanation of tastes with suitable examples: Umami is meaty or brothy taste which specific to glutamate-rich savoury foodstuffs, for example, meaty broths and fermented foods. Umami is a mild and persisting taste related with salivation and a perception of fluffiness on the tongue, stimulation of the throat, the back and the roof of the mouth. (Fleming, 2013). Foods that contain a high amount of L-glutamate, GMP and IMP such as fishes, meats, shellfishes, mushrooms and fermented products like fish sauce, cheese, shrimp paste, soy sauce have umami taste. Numbness is the loss of ability to taste foods. Numbness may consequence from sensitivities, allergies, intolerance to certain foods, for example, soy, nuts, egg, shellfish, monosodium glutamate etc. Mouthfeel is the way a food item or drink feels in the mouth, distinctive from its own taste. Mouthfeel can be described by the example of eating a peach or other juicy fruits. When eating a peach the consumer experiences a number of sensations such as juiciness, sweetness and different other textures which collectively called mouthfeel. Mouthfeel is an important part of wine tasting. Studies have found microscopic channels responsible for different taste perception at various temperatures in the taste-buds called TRPM5. The reaction between TRPM5 and foods is much stronger in increased temperature which sends strong signals to the brain and consequences in enhanced taste perception. A perfect example is the taste of ice-cream. Ice-creams do not tastes sweet when consumed frozen but only tastes sweet when it is melted in the mouth (Amerine, Pangborn, Roessler, 2013). Characteristics of the following wines and appropriate foods for pairing with them: Red wine gets its colour from the black grape varieties. Dry red wines often contain near about 0.9 g/L of residual sugar. Beef and lamb dishes are appropriate with red wine. White wines have a high acidity value and distinct aromas which are appropriate with chicken, and prawns. The principal flavours of ros wine are red fruits, flowers, citrus with pleasant crunchy aromas best suited with light pasta and seafood (Davidson, 2014). Guidelines for tasting wines with food: Matching and complementing the characteristics of foods to the wine, or contrasting and counterbalancing overpowering characteristics, for example, sweeter wine with spicy food. Understanding important aspects when evaluating the affinity of a wine with the food is vital.It is also essential to seek a balance in the components of the wine. Taking a mouthful of wine and rolling it inside the mouth is desirable before swallowing. Next is to try the food in small pieces for judging the appropriateness of the wine with the food. Recognizing the saltiness,acidity, bitterness, sweetness, and umami is essential for tasting wine with food (Koone, Harrington, Gozzi, McCarthy, 2014). Criteria to be noted while examining the wines for pairing with food: Acidity in wine is a good pair with sweet foods with fat content. Tannic wine is balanced well with sweet foods. High alcoholic acidic wines require fatty foods for pairing. Saltyfoods should not be paired with acidic wines(Harrington Seo, 2015). Difference between digestifs and aperitifs Digestifs Aperitifs Digestifs are mainly alcoholic beverages served after a meal. Aperitifs are also alcoholic beverages served before any meal. The main purpose of digestifs is to help in digestion. They are usually sweet tasting beverages with a higher alcohol percentage. The main purpose of aperitifs are to promote appetite, thats why they are generally very dry in nature rather than being sweet. Common choices of digestifs are brandy, fortified wines like sweet sherry, sweet liqueurs such as fernet, distilled liqueurs, herbal liqueurs, liquor cocktails etc. Classic examples of aperitifs aredry white wine, dry vermouth,champagne,gin,pastis, rak?,fino, drysherry etc. Recent studies showed that plate selection, mainly the colour of the plate impacts the sensory perception of food. The colour of the plate affects the perception of the consumers primarily for the qualities created on visual appraisals. Several studies have revealed that similar dishes served on different colored plates are frequently perceived differently at both sensory and hedonic levels. According to a study, the attributes of the desserts, for instance, the flavour and intensity of the sweetness were affected not only by the category of dessert but also affected depending on the plates as well. The results of these studies explained that the consumers possess association between certain colours and flavours (Piqueras-Fiszman, Giboreau, Spence, 2013). Astringency can be explained as a dry, crumpling mouthfeel caused by some polyphenolic compounds mainly tannins. Tannins are found in some red wines (Soares, Brando, Mateus, De Freitas, 2017), teas and several fruits like persimmon, aronia, sloe berries etc. The tannin binds to the salivary gland proteins, making them to aggregate and precipitate which result in the dry sensation and rough sandpapery fillings inside the mouth. Two common examples are witch hazel and calamine lotion. Pungencyis the form of a strong, sharp tasteand smellthat is often so robust that it becomes unpleasant. Pungencyis the technical term used by researchers to describe the characteristic of food commonly referred to ashotnessand spiciness, which is found in certain foods, for example,chili peppers, mustard, strongly flavoured tomatoes etc. The secondary metabolite capsaicin found in chili peppers is highly pungent in its pure form (Srinivasan, 2016). Six S in tasting wines: See Swirl Smell Sip Savour Shallow References Amerine, M. A., Pangborn, R. M., Roessler, E. B. (2013). Principles of sensory evaluation of food. California: Elsevier. Davidson, A. (2014). The Oxford companion to food. New York: Oxford University Press. Fleming, A. (2013). Umami: Why the Fifth Taste Is So Important. The Guardian. Garca-Segovia, P., Harrington, R. J., Seo, H. S. (2015). Influences of table setting and eating location on food acceptance and intake. Food Quality and Preference, 39, 1-7. Harrington, R. J., Seo, H. S. (2015). The Impact of Liking of Wine and Food Items on Perceptions of WineFood Pairing. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 18(5), 489-501. Koone, R., Harrington, R. J., Gozzi, M., McCarthy, M. (2014). The role of acidity, sweetness, tannin and consumer knowledge on wine and food match perceptions. Journal of wine research, 25(3), 158-174. Piqueras-Fiszman, B., Giboreau, A., Spence, C. (2013). ssessing the influence of the color of the plate on the perception of a complex food in a restaurant setting. Flavour, 2(1), 24. Soares, S., Brando, E., Mateus, N., De Freitas, V. (2017). Sensorial properties of red wine polyphenols: astringency and bitterness. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 57(5), 937-948. Srinivasan, K. (2016). Biological activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) and its pungent principle capsaicin: a review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 56(9), 1488-1500. Zellner, D. A., Loss, C. R., Zearfoss, J., Remolina, S. (2014). It tastes as good as it looks! The effect of food presentation on liking for the flavor of food. Appetite, 77, 31-35.

Genetic Engineering Essay Example For Students

Genetic Engineering Essay Genetic Engineering Future Harmony or Future HarmThe world of science has experienced many profound breakthroughs and advances in the twentieth century, but none perhaps as great as that of genetic engineering. However, the twentieth century society is not prepared or even willing at times to accept the moral and ethical controversies genetic engineering is creating. Genetic engineering, defined as the use or manipulation of an individuals genetic material in order to produce desired characteristics or results in the same individual, other individuals of the same species, or other species, is undoubtedly changing societys relationship with nature, medicine, and perhaps its own cultural values (Thro 69). It has been predicted for the year 2020, people will have new definitions of health and illness (Oleksy 108). The completion of genome mapping will allow a health plan for each person, preventing genetic disease and promoting a better life (Oleksy 108). However, genetic engineering, a lso called gene splicing or gene cloning, is not being welcomed with open arms. It affects the moral values of human beings, as well as other living things. The competing goods in genetic engineering, i.e. creating a stronger, more advanced human race vs. a natural selective process created by God, are virtually impossible to avoid and have placed a temporary hold one the progress of this new technology and societys moral view. Our society must be persuaded that genetic engineering is of great value in order to become an accepted social practice. This is something that society obviously lacks the conviction for thus far, making genetic engineering an object of continued scientific, as well as philosophical study. 1Throughout history, science has allowed for advances in production, transportation, and even entertainment. Although, never in history has science been able to so deeply affect our lives as genetic engineering is undoubtedly doing and will continue to do in the not so distant future. Genetic engineering can help us create a stronger and more advanced human race by increasing food production, revolutionize new medicines, even enhance human intelligence, physical beauty and strength. Diseases could become weakened and cleaned out of humans genetic makeup. For example, if one parent had a bad gene or some type of hereditary disease, it could be removed from the embryo and replace with another clean gene. This process is called embryo screening (Oleksy 48). Embryo screening is used to determine if an embryo has received a defective gene. Several embryos could be genetically cloned, the DNA from one of the embryos could then be removed and standard genetic testing would be used to detect whether or not that embryo contained the genetic disease. If this cloned embryo contained a disease, then one of the other embryos could be used for implantation in a parent, thus, guaranteeing that the child would be free of genetic disease (Oleksy 49). This process would certainly be beneficial for couples who are infertile and want to have children. Genetic engineering would enable the couple to produce a baby with their characteristics. In fact, they would be able to pick and choose the characteristics of their unborn child. Another benefit of genetic engineering, is the possibility of cloning body organs. This process would prove to be very beneficial to people who have lost a body organ such as a kidney. Scientists could clone a particular organ of an individual. This process could have the potential to work better than a transplanted organ, because the genetic makeup of that individual would be used in the re-creation of the organ. 2Not only does genetic engineering present the possibilities of saving lives; it can save entire species from extinction. Genetic engineering could be used to increase the population of endangered species of animals, thus saving them from total extinction. This would help maintain a natural balance, and provide a continuous life cycle. .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 , .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 .postImageUrl , .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 , .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0:hover , .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0:visited , .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0:active { border:0!important; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0:active , .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0 .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua649c5d9ee6b948bf5b1dda6e256b8b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Effects of marijuana EssayEven though there is the belief by some that genetic engineering is overall beneficial, many suggest that genetic engineering is unnatural and not ethically correct. Also, we know too little about this technology to understand the long-term effects of replacing old genes with new ones. Genetic engineering is triggering an ethical emergency within society, and causing this new science to be cast in a dim light. Anti-technologists, political extremists,

US History I, A. Brinkleys The Unfinished Nation, chapter 11 through 15, 3rd examination scheduled for Tuesday Dec.8 for TR classes and Friday Dec. 11for MWF classes. Flashcard

US History I, A. Brinkleys The Unfinished Nation, chapter 11 through 15, 3rd examination scheduled for Tuesday Dec.8 for TR classes and Friday Dec. 11for MWF classes.

Bitwise Operations in VB.NET

Bitwise Operations in VB.NET VB.NET doesnt support bit level operations directly. Framework 1.1 (VB.NET 2003) introduced bit shift operators ( and ), but no general purpose way to manipulate individual bits is available. Bit operations can be very useful. For example, your program might have to interface with another system that requires bit manipulation. But in addition, there are a lot of tricks that can be done using individual bits. This article surveys what can be done with bit manipulation using VB.NET. You need to understand bitwise operators before anything else. In VB.NET, these are: And Or Xor Not Bitwise simply means that the operations can be performed on two binary numbers bit by bit. Microsoft uses truth tables to document bitwise operations. The truth table for And is: 1st Bit  Ã‚  Ã‚  2nd Bit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Result  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0 In my school, they taught Karnaugh maps instead. The Karnaugh map for all four operations are shown in the illustration below. Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return Heres a simple example using the And operation with two, four bit binary numbers: The result of 1100 And 1010 is 1000. Thats because 1 And 1 is 1 (the first bit) and the rest are 0. To begin with, lets take a look at the bit operations that are directly supported in VB.NET: bit shifting. Although both left shift and right shift are available, they work the same way so only left shift will be discussed. Bit shifting is most often used in cryptography, image processing and communications. VB.NETs bit shifting operations ... Only work with the four types of integers: Byte, Short, Integer, and Long Are arithmetic shifting operations. That means that bits shifted past the end of the result are thrown away, and the bit positions opened up on the other end are set to zero. The alternative is called circular bit shifting and the bits shifted past one end are simply added to the other. VB.NET doesnt support circular bit shifting directly. If you need it, youll have to code it the old fashioned way: multiplying or dividing by 2. Never generate an overflow exception. VB.NET takes care of any possible problems and Ill show you what that means. As noted, you can code your own bit shifting by multiplying or dividing by 2, but if you use the code your own approach, you have to test for overflow exceptions that can cause your program to crash. A standard bit shifting operation would look something like this: Dim StartingValue As Integer 14913080Dim ValueAfterShifting As IntegerValueAfterShifting StartingValue 50 In words, this operation takes the binary value 0000 0000 1110 0011 1000 1110 0011 1000 (14913080 is the equivalent decimal value - notice that its just a series of 3 0s and 3 1s repeated a few times) and shifts it 50 places left. But since an Integer is only 32 bits long, shifting it 50 places is meaningless. VB.NET solves this problem by masking the shift count with a standard value that matches the data type being used. In this case, ValueAfterShifting is an Integer so the maximum that can be shifted is 32 bits. The standard mask value that works is 31 decimal or 11111. Masking means that the value, in this case 50, is Anded with the mask. This gives the maximum number of bits that can actually be shifted for that data type. In decimal: 50 And 31 is 18 - The maximum number of bits that can be shifted It actually makes more sense in binary. The high order bits that cant be used for the shifting operation are simply stripped away. 110010 And 11111 is 10010 When the code snippet is executed, the result is 954204160 or, in binary, 0011 1000 1110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000. The 18 bits on the left side of the first binary number are shifted off and the 14 bits on the right side are shifted left. The other big problem with shifting bits is what happens when the number of places to shift is a negative number. Lets use -50 as the number of bits to shift and see what happens. ValueAfterShifting StartingValue -50 When this code snippet is executed, we get -477233152 or 1110 0011 1000 1110 0000 0000 0000 0000 in binary. The number has been shifted 14 places left. Why 14? VB.NET assumes that the number of places is an unsigned integer and does an And operation with the same mask (31 for Integers). 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1100 11100000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1111(And)0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1110 1110 in binary is 14 decimal. Notice that this is the reverse of shifting a positive 50 places. On the next page, we move on to some other bit operations, starting with Xor Encryption! I mentioned that one use of bit operations is encryption. Xor encryption is a popular and simple way to encrypt a file. In my article, Very Simple Encryption using VB.NET, I show you a better way using string manipulation instead. But Xor encryption is so common that it deserves to at least be explained. Encrypting a text string means translating it into another text string that doesnt have an obvious relationship to the first one. You also need a way to decrypt it again. Xor encryption translates the binary ASCII code for each character in the string into another character using the Xor operation. In order to do this translation, you need another number to use in the Xor. This second number is called the key. Xor encryption is called a symmetric algorithm. This means that we can use the encryption key as the decryption key too. Lets use A as the key and encrypt the word Basic. The ASCII code for A is: 0100 0001 (decimal 65) The ASCII code for Basic is: B - 0100 0010a - 0110 0001s - 0111 0011i - 0110 1001c - 0110 0011 The Xor of each of these is: 0000 0011 - decimal 30010 0000 - decimal 320011 0010 - decimal 500010 1000 - decimal 400010 0010 - decimal 34 This little routine does the trick: Xor Encryption Dim i As ShortResultString.Text Dim KeyChar As IntegerKeyChar Asc(EncryptionKey.Text)For i 1 To Len(InputString.Text)  Ã‚  Ã‚  ResultString.Text _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chr(KeyChar Xor _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Asc(Mid(InputString.Text, i, 1)))Next The result can be seen in this illustration: Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return To reverse the encryption, just copy and paste the string from the Result TextBox back into the String TextBox and click the button again. Another example of something you can do with bitwise operators is to swap two Integers without declaring a third variable for temporary storage. This is the kind of thing they used to do in assembly language programs years ago. Its not too useful now, but you might win a bet someday if you can find someone who doesnt believe you can do it. In any case, if you still have questions about how Xor works, working through this should put them to rest. Heres the code: Dim FirstInt As IntegerDim SecondInt As IntegerFirstInt CInt(FirstIntBox.Text)SecondInt CInt(SecondIntBox.Text)FirstInt FirstInt Xor SecondIntSecondInt FirstInt Xor SecondIntFirstInt FirstInt Xor SecondIntResultBox.Text First Integer: _  Ã‚  Ã‚  FirstInt.ToString - _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second Integer: _  Ã‚  Ã‚  SecondInt.ToString And heres the code in action: Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return Figuring out exactly why this works will be left as as an exercise for the student. On the next page, we reach the goal: General Bit Manipulation Although these tricks are fun and educational, theyre still no substitute for general bit manipulation. If you really get down to the level of bits, what you want is a way to examine individual bits, set them, or change them. Thats the real code that is missing from .NET. Perhaps the reason its missing is that its not that hard to write subroutines that accomplish the same thing. A typical reason you might want to do this is to maintain what is sometimes called a flag byte. Some applications, especially those written in low level languages like assembler, will maintain eight boolean flags in a single byte. For example, a 6502 processor chips status register holds this information in a single 8 bit byte: Bit 7. Negative flagBit 6. Overflow flagBit 5. UnusedBit 4. Break flagBit 3. Decimal flagBit 2. Interrupt-disable flagBit 1. Zero flagBit 0. Carry flag (from Wikipedia) If your code has to work with this kind of data, you need general purpose bit manipulation code. This code will do the job! The ClearBit Sub clears the 1 based, nth bit (MyBit) of an integer (MyByte).Sub ClearBit(ByRef MyByte, ByVal MyBit)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim BitMask As Int16  Ã‚  Ã‚   Create a bitmask with the 2 to the nth power bit set:  Ã‚  Ã‚  BitMask 2 ^ (MyBit - 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clear the nth Bit:  Ã‚  Ã‚  MyByte MyByte And Not BitMaskEnd Sub The ExamineBit function will return True or False depending on the value of the 1 based, nth bit (MyBit) of an integer (MyByte).Function ExamineBit(ByVal MyByte, ByVal MyBit) As Boolean  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim BitMask As Int16  Ã‚  Ã‚  BitMask 2 ^ (MyBit - 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  ExamineBit ((MyByte And BitMask) 0)End Function The SetBit Sub will set the 1 based, nth bit (MyBit) of an integer (MyByte).Sub SetBit(ByRef MyByte, ByVal MyBit)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim BitMask As Int16  Ã‚  Ã‚  BitMask 2 ^ (MyBit - 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  MyByte MyByte Or BitMaskEnd Sub The ToggleBit Sub will change the state of the 1 based, nth bit (MyBit) of an integer (MyByte).Sub ToggleBit(ByRef MyByte, ByV al MyBit)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim BitMask As Int16  Ã‚  Ã‚  BitMask 2 ^ (MyBit - 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  MyByte MyByte Xor BitMaskEnd Sub To demonstrate the code, this routine calls it (parameters not coded on Click Sub): Private Sub ExBitCode_Click( ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim Byte1, Byte2 As Byte  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim MyByte, MyBit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim StatusOfBit As Boolean  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim SelectedRB As String  Ã‚  Ã‚  StatusLine.Text   Ã‚  Ã‚  SelectedRB GetCheckedRadioButton(Me).Name  Ã‚  Ã‚  Byte1 ByteNum.Text Number to be converted into Bit Flags  Ã‚  Ã‚  Byte2 BitNum.Text Bit to be toggled  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following clears the high-order byte returns only the  Ã‚  Ã‚   low order byte:  Ã‚  Ã‚  MyByte Byte1 And HFF  Ã‚  Ã‚  MyBit Byte2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Select Case SelectedRB  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case ClearBitButton  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ClearBit(MyByte, MyBit)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  StatusLine.Text New Byte: MyByte  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case ExamineBitButton  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  StatusOfBit ExamineBit(MyByte, MyBit)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  StatusLine.Text Bit MyBit _  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is StatusOfBit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case SetBitButton  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SetBit(MyByte, MyBit)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  StatusLine.Text New Byte: MyByte  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case ToggleBitButton  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ToggleBit(MyByte, MyBit)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  StatusLine.Text New Byte: MyByte  Ã‚  Ã‚  End SelectEnd SubPrivate Function GetCheckedRadioButton( _  Ã‚  Ã‚  ByVal Parent As Control) _  Ã‚  Ã‚  As RadioButton  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim FormControl As Control  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim RB As RadioButton  Ã‚  Ã‚  For Each FormControl In Parent.Controls  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If FormControl.GetType() Is GetType(RadioButton) Then  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RB DirectCast(FormControl, RadioButton)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If RB.Checked Then Return RB  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  End If  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next  Ã‚  Ã‚  Return NothingEnd Function The code in action looks like this: Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return

Contemporary Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary Art - Essay Example The essay "Contemporary Art" talks about the Contemporary Art. In introducing the concept of ‘ready-made’ art, Duchamp began to establish that an important element of art was the meaning that the viewer brought to it. â€Å"All in all, the creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act. This becomes even more obvious when posterity gives its final verdict and sometimes rehabilitates forgotten artists†. Greenberg (1939) illustrates how the avant-garde movement was an attempt to move away from what it was not in its search for purity and the absolute. In discussing how the avant-garde as modern art has explored art from the inside and provided the ruling class with the means by which they might explore the ideas of the new age, Greenberg introduces the necessity of a rear-guard action to this general repudiation of exterior reference. This rear-guard is kitsch: â€Å"popular, commercial art and literature with their chromeotypes, magazine covers, illustrations, ads, slick and pulp fiction, comics, Tin Pan Alley music, tap dancing, Hollywood movies, etc. etc†. Avant-garde art presents the cause, leaving it to the viewer to inject effect while kitsch presents the effect, making the art immediately accessible to the viewer without requiring any effort from the viewer at all – the art is already interpreted for him.