Adverb And Adjective free essay sample

An adverb is a modifying part of speech. It describes verbs, other adverbs, adjectives, and phrases. They are used to describe how, where, when, how often and why something happens. In Old and Middle English, the genitive case was productive, and adverbial genitives were commonplace. While Modern English does not fully retain the genitive case, it has left various relics, including a number of adverbial genitives. Some of these are now analyzed as ordinary adverbs, including the following: a. always (which originated from all way) b. fterwards, towards, and so on (from their counterparts in -ward, which historically were adjectives) A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that connects two clauses. Conjunctive adverbs show cause and effect, sequence, contrast, comparison, or other relationships e. g accordingly, additionally, almost, anyway, again, as a result, besides, certainly, comparatively, consequently, contrarily etc. The following rules are considered to be correct punctuation for conjunctive adverbs: * Use a semicolon or period before the conjunctive adverb to separate two independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb. A conjunctive adverb is not strong enough to join two independent clauses without the aid of a semicolon. * Use a comma following the conjunctive adverb when it appears at the beginning of the second clause unless the adverb is one syllable. Like other adverbs, conjunctive adverbs may move around in the clause (or sentence) in which they appear. When they appear at the end of the clause, they are preceded by a comma. If they appear in the middle of the clause, they are normally enclosed in commas, though this rule is not absolute and is not always applied to very short clauses. Examples: * He can leap tall buildings in a single bound; furthermore, Dwight Schrute is a hog. * He can leap tall buildings in a single bound. Furthermore, Dwight Schrute is a hog. * Bret enjoys video games; therefore, he is a crazy nerd. * Bret enjoys video games. He is a crazy nerd. * He went to the store; however, he did not buy anything. * He went to the store. He did not buy anything. * Stephanie lent me a barrel of pickled plums; consequently, she is my girlfriend. * Stephanie lent me a barrel of pickled plums. She is consequently my friend. I sat down alongside Adam; henceforth, he sang. * Elaine wanted to high-five the friendly giant; consequently, she had to jump to reach him. Â  A prepositional adverb is a word mainly a particle which is very similar in its form to a preposition but functions as an adverb. Prepositional adverbs occur mainly in English, German and Dutch. Unlike real prepositions, they occur mainly at the end of a phrase and not before nouns. They also modify the verb, which a preposition does not. An example of a prepositional adverb in English is inside in He came inside. A verb combined with a prepositional adverb is called a phrasal verb only if the verbs meaning is changed by the prepositional adverb. In English, there are lots of examples of this. For example, let can have many possible meanings depending on which prepositional adverb it is combined with (let down, let in, let off, let to etc. ) 4. PRONOMIAL: A pronominal adverb is a type of adverb occurring in a number of Germanic languages, formed in replacement of a preposition and a pronoun by turning the latter into a locative adverb and the former into a prepositional adverb and joining them in reverse order. For example: * For that therefore * In that therein * By this hereby * To this hereto * In which wherein In English, pronominal adverbs are most commonly encountered in literary registers or in legal usage. They are used frequently by lawyers and drafters of legal documents primarily as a way of avoiding the repetition of names of things in the document (or sometimes as a self-reference to the document itself). For this reason, pronominal adverbs are often seen as a type of legal jargon. The Adjective Recognize an adjective when you see one. Adjectives describe nouns by answering one of these three questions: What kind is it? How many are there? Which one is it? An adjective can be a single word, a phrase, or a clause. Check out these examples: What kind is it? Dan decided that the fuzzy green bread would make an unappetizing sandwich. What kind of bread? Fuzzy and green! What kind of sandwich? Unappetizing! A friend with a fat wallet will never want for weekend shopping partners. What kind of friend? One with money to spend! A towel that is still warm from the dryer is more comforting than a hot fudge sundae. What kind of towel? One right out of the dryer. How many are there? Seven hungry space aliens slithered into the diner and ordered two dozen vanilla milkshakes. How many hungry space aliens? Seven! The students, five freshmen and six sophomores, braved Dr. Ribleys killer calculus exam. How many students? Eleven! The disorganized pile of books, which contained seventeen overdue volumes from the library and five unread class texts, blocked the doorway in Elis dorm room. How many books? Twenty-two! Which one is it? The most unhealthy item from the cafeteria is the steak sub, which will slime your hands with grease. Which item from the cafeteria? Certainly not the one that will lower your cholesterol! The cockroach eyeing your cookie has started to crawl this way. Which cockroach? Not the one crawling up your leg but the one who wants your cookie! The students who neglected to prepare for Mrs. Mauzys English class hide in the cafeteria rather than risk their instructors wrath. Which students? Not the good students but the lazy slackers. How to punctuate a series of adjectives. To describe a noun fully, you might need to use two or more adjectives. Sometimes a series of adjectives requires commas, but sometimes it doesnt. What makes the difference? If the adjectives are coordinate, you must use commas between them. If, on the other hand, the adjectives are noncoordinate, no commas are necessary. How do you tell the difference? Coordinate adjectives can pass one of two tests. When you reorder the series or when you insert and between them, they still make sense. Look at the following example: The tall, creamy, delicious milkshake melted on the counter while the inattentive waiter flirted with the pretty cashier. Now read this revision: The delicious, tall, creamy milkshake melted on the counter while the inattentive waiter flirted with the pretty cashier. The series of adjectives still makes sense even though the order has changed. And if you insert and between the adjectives, you still have a logical sentence: The tall and creamy and delicious milkshake melted on the counter while the inattentive waiter flirted with the pretty cashier. Noncoordinate adjectives do not make sense when you reorder the series or when you insert and between them. Check out this example: Jeannes two fat Siamese cats hog the electric blanket on cold winter evenings. If you switch the order of the adjectives, the sentence becomes gibberish: Fat Siamese two Jeannes cats hog the electric blanket on cold winter evenings. Logic will also evaporate if you insert and between the adjectives. Jeannes and two and fat and Siamese cats hog the electric blanket on cold winter evenings. Forming comparative and superlative adjectives correctly. To make comparisons, you will often need comparative or superlative adjectives. You use comparative adjectives if you are discussing two people, places, or things. You use superlative adjectives if you have three or more people, places, or things. Look at these two examples: Stevie, a suck up who sits in the front row, has a thicker notebook than Nina, who never comes to class. The thinnest notebook belongs to Mike, a computer geek who scans all notes and handouts and saves them on the hard drive of his laptop. You can form comparative adjectives two ways. You can add er to the end of the adjective, or you can use more or less before it. Do not, however, do both! You violate the rules of grammar if you claim that you are more taller, more smarter, or less faster than your older brother Fred. One-syllable words generally take er at the end, as in these examples: Because Fuzz is a smaller cat than Buster, she loses the fights for tuna fish. For dinner, we ordered a bigger pizza than usual so that we would have cold leftovers for breakfast. Two-syllable words vary. Check out these examples: Kelly is lazier than an old dog; he is perfectly happy spending an entire Saturday on the couch, watching old movies and napping. The new suit makes Marvin more handsome than a movie star. Use more or less before adjectives with three or more syllables: Movies on our new flat-screen television are, thankfully, less colorful; we no longer have to tolerate the electric greens and nuclear pinks of the old unit. Heather is more compassionate than anyone I know; she watches where she steps to avoid squashing a poor bug by accident. You can form superlative adjectives two ways as well. You can add est to the end of the adjective, or you can use most or least before it. Do not, however, do both! You violate another grammatical rule if you claim that you are the most brightest, most happiest, or least angriest member of your family. One-syllable words generally take est at the end, as in these examples: These are the tartest lemon-roasted squid tentacles that I have ever eaten! Nigel, the tallest member of the class, has to sit in the front row because he has bad eyes; the rest of us crane around him for a glimpse of the board. Two-syllable words vary. Check out these examples: Because Hector refuses to read directions, he made the crispiest mashed potatoes ever in the history of instant food. Because Isaac has a crush on Ms. Orsini, his English teacher, he believes that she is the most gorgeous creature to walk the planet. Use most or least before adjectives with three or more syllables: The most frustrating experience of Desirees day was arriving home to discover that the onion rings were missing from her drive-thru order. The least believable detail of the story was that the space aliens had offered Eli a slice of pepperoni pizza before his release.